Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: what you need to know

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage such as the liver and kidneys. These organs are particularly vulnerable due to altered blood circulation and increased vascular stress associated with pregnancy. The liver suffers from poor blood supply and may show signs of inflammation, while the kidneys, which filter an increased volume of fluid, are at greater risk of damage. Although the exact cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood, it has been established that it is most often associated with abnormalities in placental function. Possible contributing factors include insufficient blood flow to the uterus, immune system dysfunction, and genetic predisposition.
 

The main symptoms of preeclampsia are as follows

• High blood pressure (BP);
• Presence of protein in urine (proteinuria);
• Swelling, particularly of the hands and face;
• Sudden weight gain;
• Headaches;
• Changes in vision (blurred vision, flashing lights before the eyes);
• Abdominal pain, particularly in the upper right region.

What is eclampsia?

Eclampsia is the severe form of progression of preeclampsia accompanied by seizures (convulsions). It is a rare but extremely serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Characteristics of eclampsia

Eclampsia is diagnosed when seizures occur in a woman with preeclampsia. Seizures may be preceded by:

• intense headaches
• Visual disturbances;
• intense abdominal pain.

Eclampsia is considered a critical stage of preeclampsia and usually develops late in pregnancy, during childbirth, or in the postpartum period. These periods are the most critical, as by the end of term, the burden on the mother's body reaches a maximum, which can lead to severe vascular system disorders. During labor and immediately afterwards, there is significant hormonal restructuring, which can also trigger the development of eclampsia.

Preeclampsia and eclampsia in natural conception and IVF

Preeclampsia and eclampsia can occur in both natural conception and assisted reproductive technology (IVF). According to research, the incidence of preeclampsia in natural conception is about 5 to 8% of all pregnancies, while in IVF, this rate can reach 10 to 15%, especially in women over 35 or in cases of multiple pregnancies.

Preeclampsia in natural conception

• The underlying causes are similar, with common pathological mechanisms including placental circulation anomalies and immune factors.
• The risk is increased in the presence of chronic diseases in the mother, such as hypertension or diabetes.

Preeclampsia in IVF

• In vitro fertilization (IVF) is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia due to specific stimulation and embryo transfer protocols.
• In some cases, multiple pregnancies, which often occur with IVF, increase the risk of complications.

It is important to note that timely diagnosis and monitoring can minimize the risk of serious complications, ensuring the safety of both mother and child.

Consequences for the mother and fetus

Complications for the mother

• Eclampsia can cause serious damage, including respiratory distress and cerebral circulatory disorders.
• Preeclampsia can cause liver, kidney, and cardiovascular damage.
• Severe forms of preeclampsia often accompany a decrease in platelet count, hemolysis, and liver dysfunction.
• High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke.
• Premature detachment of the placenta is possible, which is dangerous for both mother and fetus.
• Blood coagulation disorders can lead to severe bleeding.
• In severe cases, kidney dysfunction can lead to renal failure.
• Long-term effects include chronic hypertension and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Fetal complications

• Preeclampsia may require premature delivery, increasing the risk of complications associated with prematurity.
• Disruption of blood circulation in the placenta negatively affects the growth and development of the fetus.
• Low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation can affect the baby's health.
• Placental function deteriorates, leading to oxygen and nutrient deficiencies in the fetus.
• Premature babies are more likely to suffer from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
• Specialized care in an intensive care unit may be necessary.
• In the most severe cases, postnatal death and long-term neurological developmental issues may occur.

Diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia

Early detection and monitoring of these diseases require regular follow-up of the mother's and fetus's condition. The main diagnostic methods are as follows:

1. Blood pressure monitoring: elevated blood pressure is a key symptom.
2. Proteinuria test in urine: the presence of protein in urine indicates the possibility of kidney damage.
3. Blood tests: they help assess organ function and detect abnormalities, including low platelet count and hemolysis.
4. Liver function tests: abnormalities indicate severe preeclampsia.
5. Ultrasound: evaluation of fetal growth, amniotic fluid levels, and placental condition.
6. Non-stress test (NST), fetal reactivity examination (FRE), or biophysical profile (BPP): These assess fetal heart rate and activity.

Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. Women with preeclampsia or severe eclampsia should be hospitalized, and blood pressure and vital organ functions should be continuously monitored. Patients receive magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures and infusion therapy to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Medication may also be used to stabilize blood pressure and improve liver and kidney functions. In case of a threat to the life of the mother or fetus, emergency delivery, including cesarean section, is considered.

Specialists' recommendations

• Maintain good hydration to prevent complications.
• Continuous monitoring of blood pressure and organ function.
• Regular follow-up after delivery to assess health status.

Importance of early diagnosis and treatment

Our medical center provides highly qualified care aimed at timely detection and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Experienced obstetricians and gynecologists use modern equipment that allows for accurate examinations. An individualized approach to each patient ensures the safety of both mother and child, reducing the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Early diagnosis, regular monitoring, and timely treatment are the keys to successful management of these serious conditions.