Cytomegalovirus: symptoms, modes of transmission and treatment options

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. This family also includes the pathogens responsible for chickenpox, herpes simplex, and infectious mononucleosis. According to statistics, approximately 60 to 80% of the world's adult population has encountered a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection at least once in their lifetime.

Ways of transmission of cytomegalovirus

The virus is transmitted through direct contact with saliva (via airborne routes), as well as through blood, semen, urine, and other secretions. Transmission can occur via breast milk, transplanted organs, donor blood, as well as from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth.

Symptoms of cytomegalovirus

In individuals with a strong immune system, CMV is most often asymptomatic. However, during pregnancy, infection can be dangerous. Symptoms, if they appear:

• fever;
• enlargement of lymph nodes;
• muscle pains;
• increased fatigue.

Risks of CMV for women

The infection can be particularly dangerous for women. Even an asymptomatic course can lead to complications:

• In case of infection during pregnancy, intrauterine transmission of the virus to the fetus and the development of congenital CMV, one of the main causes of congenital malformations and deafness, are possible;
• In women with weakened immune systems, CMV causes lung, liver, and retinal lesions;
• A link has been established between CMV and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, increasing the risk of chronic pain and infertility.

Antibodies and diagnosis

In response to infection, the body produces antibodies (immunoglobulins, Ig):

• IgM appear immediately after infection and indicate an acute phase;
• IgG develop later and provide long-term protection.

For women planning pregnancy, it is recommended to take a TORCH test at least 2 to 3 months before conception. The results may be:

• IgM(+), IgG(–) - primary infection;
• IgM(+), IgG(+) - exacerbation of a chronic infection;
• IgM(–), IgG(+) - carrier without exacerbation;
• IgM(–), IgG(–) - no contact with the virus.

When can pregnancy be planned?

• IgM(+): pregnancy is postponed, a PCR test and consultation with an immunologist are necessary. Planning is only possible after the disappearance of IgM and the appearance of stable IgG.
• High IgG, IgM(–): pregnancy can be planned – the body is protected.
• IgM(+), IgG(+): active chronic form, conception is postponed until indicators normalize.
• IgM(–), IgG(–): pregnancy is possible, but there is a risk of primary infection. Preventive measures should be followed.

If natural pregnancy does not occur due to complications caused by CMV, assisted reproductive techniques are used, including IVF, such as egg donation or double donation. These methods increase the chances even in cases of severe consequences of the infection.

CMV in adults and children

In adults with a normal immune system, CMV is asymptomatic or causes mild malaise. In cases of immunodeficiency, serious complications can occur: pneumonia, hepatitis, retinitis.

In newborns, 90% of congenital cases are asymptomatic, but 10% of children have:

• deafness;
• blindness;
• developmental delay;
• lesions of the nervous system.

In young children, infection may manifest as jaundice, enlarged liver and spleen, as well as neurological disorders.

Diagnosis

Examination methods:

• serology (IgM, IgG, IgG avidity);
• PCR (viral DNA detection);
• culture method;
• immunohistochemistry.

PCR and serology are considered the most reliable methods.

Treatment and prevention

There is no specific medication for CMV. In cases of normal immunity, treatment is symptomatic. For pregnant women and at-risk patients, treatment is prescribed by an immunologist.

Prevention includes:

• regular hand washing;
• refusal of casual sexual contacts;
• a healthy lifestyle;
• isolation of newborns with congenital CMV.

The goal of prevention is to reduce the risk of virus transmission to the embryo and ensure the birth of a healthy child.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CMV afraid of? A strong immune system, high temperatures, disinfectants, UV rays. However, the virus is resistant in a humid environment.

How to treat CMV in children? Symptomatic treatment is usually sufficient, but in case of complications, antiviral drugs are prescribed.

What is CMV? It is a common herpesvirus group virus that often progresses asymptomatically but is dangerous for immunocompromised individuals and newborns.

Final summary

Cytomegalovirus disease is not an insurmountable obstacle to Parenthood. Modern diagnostic methods and reproductive technologies allow planning pregnancy and achieving a positive outcome, even in cases of complications. Specialists at the NatuVitro fertility clinic accompany patients at all stages, from examination to choosing the optimal treatment and IVF program, helping couples realize their dream of having a healthy child.