HPV Analysis: What do you need to know?

What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common viral infections that affects the skin and mucous membranes, primarily transmitted through sexual contact. Once inside epithelial cells, the virus disrupts their normal division, which can lead to the formation of warts, condylomas, and, in some cases, malignant transformations.

According to medical data, three out of four people are infected with HPV during their lifetime. In most individuals, the infection clears up spontaneously within two years. However, some strains of the virus are dangerous. Certain types of HPV cause genital warts, while others can lead to cancers: cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, anal cancer, and penile cancer.

There are more than 100 types of the virus, all classified according to their oncogenic risk level:

• non-oncogenic: types 1 to 5,
• moderately oncogenic: 6, 11, 42, 43, 44,
• highly oncogenic: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68.

The virus is not only transmitted during sexual intercourse. Transmission through everyday contact (via common objects and surfaces), autoinoculation (during shaving or waxing), as well as vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth are also possible.

Why undergo an HPV test?

The HPV test allows for the detection of the virus before clinical symptoms appear and determines its type. It is particularly important to detect types 16 and 18, which are associated with a high risk of dysplasia and cervical cancer. Some other types of cancer caused by HPV cannot be subjected to regular screening, making early diagnosis even more crucial.

The presence of warts, papillomas, and genital condylomas (more often caused by types 6 and 11) is also an indication for testing. HPV can be asymptomatic, especially when the immune system is strong, but when the body's defenses are weakened, it manifests as tumors or changes in the epithelium.

Who is recommended to take the HPV test?

• Women over 21 for cervical cancer screening.
• In case of abnormalities in Pap test results.
• In the presence of genital warts.
• In case of frequent changes in sexual partners or lack of barrier contraception.
• Immunocompromised patients (including those with HIV).
• Pregnant women, especially if there are visible symptoms of infection.

Main diagnostic methods for HPV

The PCR test is the most sensitive method, allowing for the detection of even a minimal amount of virus and its typing.

PAP test (Papanicolaou smear): cytological analysis evaluating the state of the cells of the cervix and cervical canal. It helps detect precancerous lesions.

Histological examination: performed when there is suspicion of oncological processes or during the removal of tumors for accurate tissue analysis.

Preparation for the analysis

It is preferable for women to have the analysis done in the middle of their cycle. Sexual intercourse, the use of vaginal preparations and creams, as well as vaginal douching should be avoided for 48 hours. It is recommended that men abstain from sexual intercourse and alcohol consumption for the 3 days preceding the analysis, and not to urinate for the 2 hours prior to the analysis.

Contraindications: acute inflammatory processes, use of antibiotics or immunomodulators. In these cases, the analysis may be postponed.

Interpretation of results

A negative result means the absence of the virus or its presence in negligible amounts. A positive result indicates the presence of the virus but does not constitute proof of cancer. In young individuals, HPV can be eliminated by the body autonomously, but in older patients, the risk of progression to a chronic form is higher.

In the case of a positive result for high-risk HPV, further examination is necessary: colposcopy, biopsy, and other methods prescribed by the doctor. We have addressed the prevention and treatment of HPV, as well as the impact of the virus on the reproductive system in a separate article on our blog.

A personalized approach at NatuVitro

The NatuVitro Reproductive Medicine Center offers comprehensive diagnostics and consultations on HPV-related issues, particularly in the context of preparation for IVF programs and other assisted reproductive procedures. Consultations are provided by experienced specialists in gynecology and cancer prevention, who help determine the optimal follow-up pathway and, if necessary, refer patients for additional examinations, ranging from PCR to colposcopy and histology.

Preventive counseling, early screening, and follow-up of patients with HPV are important components of the strategy to reduce oncological risks and maintain reproductive health.