Asthenozoospermia (or Asthenospermia): causes, symptoms, and treatments

Astenozoospermia refers to a decrease in sperm motility, which is one of the main causes of male infertility. Despite a normal number and shape of sperm, their ability to move is limited, making it difficult to fertilize the egg and reducing the chances of conception. Let's take a closer look at the main causes of astenozoospermia, the symptoms, diagnostic and treatment methods, as well as preventive measures for this condition.

The causes of astenozoospermia

The causes of astenozoospermia can vary and are associated with external factors (toxic substances, tobacco, alcohol) and internal factors (hormonal disorders, infections) that affect sperm quality:

1. Hormonal disorders: Hormonal imbalances can negatively impact the sperm production process and, consequently, reduce fertility. A decrease in testosterone levels and other endocrine dysfunctions can lead to astenozoospermia.
2. Infections: Chronic inflammatory processes in the genitourinary organs, such as prostatitis or orchitis, can significantly impair sperm quality and reduce sperm motility.
3. Varicocele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins in the testicular area, which disrupts normal blood circulation and consequently increases the temperature in the testes. This factor negatively affects spermatogenesis and sperm quality.
4. Exposure to toxic substances: Heavy metals, chemicals, radiation, and other toxic agents have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Working in hazardous industries or being exposed to toxins increases the risk of astenozoospermia.
5. Unhealthy lifestyle: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, poor diet, and chronic stress can all lead to reduced sperm motility and impaired fertility.

Symptoms of astenozoospermia

The main symptom of astenozoospermia is the couple's difficulty in achieving pregnancy. If conception does not occur after a year of regular attempts, it is advisable to consult a doctor. Other specific symptoms may not be present, but men may sometimes experience manifestations such as decreased sexual activity, premature ejaculation, or even erectile problems. The diagnosis of astenozoospermia is most often established based on the results of a sperm analysis conducted as part of a male reproductive health examination.

Diagnosis of astenozoospermia

To establish an accurate diagnosis of astenozoospermia, several studies are conducted. The primary one is the sperm analysis, which evaluates the number, shape, and motility of sperm. Additionally, the following examinations may be prescribed:

• Blood tests for hormones to assess the levels of testosterone and other hormones that affect spermatogenesis.
• Testicular ultrasound to detect varicocele or other pathological changes that may affect sperm quality.
• Infection tests to rule out the presence of chronic inflammatory processes in the organs of the urogenital system.

Treatment methods for astenozoospermia

The choice of treatment method for astenozoospermia depends on the identified causes of impaired sperm motility. The main methods are as follows:

1. Lifestyle modification

Men are advised to modify their lifestyle: adopt a balanced and proper diet, increase physical activity levels, and quit smoking and drinking alcohol. These measures can significantly improve sperm quality and increase the chances of conception.

1. Hormonal therapy

If hormonal disorders are detected, the doctor may prescribe hormonal therapy, which can help restore hormonal balance and improve spermatogenesis. This is particularly important in cases of testosterone deficiency or other endocrine disorders.

1. Treatment of infections

If astenozoospermia is due to an infection, antibacterial or antiviral therapy is implemented. This helps eliminate the inflammatory process and improve sperm quality.

1. Surgical intervention

Varicocele may require surgical intervention to restore normal blood circulation in the testes. Surgery helps reduce the temperature in the testes and create optimal conditions for spermatogenesis.

1. Antioxidant therapy

A number of studies, such as those by Smith et al. (2018) and Johnson et al. (2020), show that antioxidants can improve sperm motility by protecting them from free radicals. Vitamins C and E and coenzyme Q10 are among the main antioxidants used in the treatment of astenozoospermia.

Prevention of astenozoospermia

To prevent astenozoospermia, it is important to adopt a healthy lifestyle. It is essential to avoid exposure to toxic substances, refrain from bad habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption, stay physically active, and follow the principles of good nutrition. It is also important to regularly check hormone levels, as hormonal imbalances can contribute to astenozoospermia. Regular medical check-ups and prompt consultation with a doctor in the presence of symptoms of diseases of the genitourinary system can help identify and eliminate issues that may harm reproductive health in a timely manner.

Conclusion

Astenozoospermia is a serious problem that can have negative repercussions on male reproductive health and lead to infertility. In case of difficulties in conception, it is advisable to consult a specialist for a thorough examination and qualified assistance. Additionally, in vitro fertilization (IVF), including IVF with egg donation or IVF with double donation, may be considered as an option for conception. Timely diagnosis and treatment of astenozoospermia, along with lifestyle changes by avoiding bad habits, can significantly increase the chances of successful conception and improve the quality of life for men.