Orchitis and epididymitis

Orchitis and epididymitis are inflammatory diseases affecting the testis and its appendage (the epididymis). Most often, the inflammation is of infectious nature and is caused by sexually transmitted diseases (trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, chlamydia). To prevent these infections, it is recommended to use barrier contraception (condom), undergo regular medical examinations, and timely treat any urogenital infection.

Additionally, orchitis and epididymitis can develop as a result of other diseases, such as vesiculitis or urethritis. The risk of inflammation is increased in men who have had chickenpox, mumps, influenza, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, or pneumonia. The inflammatory process can also occur as a result of trauma to the testes and perineum. The acute form of inflammation often develops in the context of prostate adenoma or urethral stricture.

Symptoms of Orchitis and Epididymitis

Acute inflammation of the testis or its appendage is manifested by the following symptoms:

• pain in the scrotum, radiating to the groin, lower back, sacrum, and increasing with movement;
• pain of the scrotum on touch;
• swelling, enlargement of the scrotum on the side of the affected testis;
• hypertrophy and pain of the inguinal lymph nodes;
• weakness, nausea, decreased appetite;
• increase in body temperature up to 39 degrees Celsius.

If the treatment of orchitis and epididymitis is not carried out in a timely or proper manner, the inflammation may become chronic, which can lead to constant pain in the scrotum, deterioration of spermatogenesis quality, and an increased risk of infertility. In this case, the symptoms may lessen but persist:

• slight pain in the scrotum area, increasing with physical activity or running;
• body temperature around 37 degrees, persisting for a long time.

If such symptoms appear, it is necessary to urgently consult a urologist. Untimely treatment can lead to serious complications.

Possible Complications

Complications of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the testis and its appendage include:

• suppuration;
• testicular atrophy;
• testicular hydrocele;
• a decrease in libido and erectile problems;
• a disruption of spermatogenesis, which reduces the quality of sperm and can lead to infertility.

Chronic forms of orchitis and epididymitis are particularly dangerous for male fertility, as they often lead to infertility treatment. According to medical research, up to 30% of male infertility cases are associated with inflammatory diseases of the testicles and their appendage.

Treatment of Orchitis and Epididymitis

The treatment of inflammation of the testis and/or its appendage begins with an accurate diagnosis. The urologist interviews the patient about their pain, conducts a physical examination, and examines the scrotum. An ultrasound may also be prescribed for a more precise determination of the condition of the organs.

Determining the causative agent of the infection is an important step in treatment. For this purpose, laboratory tests of urine, blood, semen, and urethral discharge are prescribed. Based on the obtained data, an individual treatment plan is developed.

Conservative treatment may include

• Antibiotherapy: the choice of medication depends on the sensitivity of the infectious agent.
• Anti-inflammatory treatment: it aims to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
• Pain relievers: to eliminate pain syndrome and improve the patient's quality of life.
• Physiotherapy: helps to accelerate the healing process.

Recurrent forms of orchitis and epididymitis, testicular or appendiceal abscesses may require surgical intervention. This may include drainage of pus, partial or complete removal of the affected testicular tissue (orchidectomy), and reconstruction procedures. These operations help eliminate the infection and prevent the spread of inflammation to neighboring tissues.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing orchitis or epididymitis, it is recommended to:

• timely treat sexually transmitted infections;
• avoid trauma to the testes and perineum;
• maintain immunity by avoiding hypothermia and excessive physical exertion;
• undergo regular preventive check-ups with a urologist.

Reproductive Health and Modern Approaches

Consulting a doctor in a timely manner and strictly adhering to the recommendations of a specialist helps avoid serious consequences and preserve male health. For men who plan to become parents naturally, this is particularly important as inflammatory diseases can negatively affect fertility by disrupting the spermatogenesis process. Chronic inflammation can lead to a decrease in sperm count, reduced motility, and structural abnormalities, making conception much more difficult.

If natural conception is not possible, modern methods such as IVF (in vitro fertilization) may be the solution. IVF with sperm donation is also an alternative for couples who need additional reproductive material. These technologies help many couples succeed and realize their dream of having a child.