Cryopreservation is a method that involves freezing gametes or embryos. Substances are used to increase the viscosity of the preservation medium until it becomes almost solid. This prevents the formation of ice crystals, which are very harmful to cells. Oocyte or embryo vitrification is carried out at a temperature of -196º C; this stops the time and therefore the age of the embryos until the moment they are decided to be implanted.
Although the oocyte remains intact, the use of this technique involves the removal of the cells that accompany the oocyte (granular cells); therefore, it prevents the oocyte and sperm from naturally recognizing each other, making traditional in vitro fertilization (IVF) impossible.
That is why, after vitrification, the oocyte can only be fertilized by sperm microinjection (ICSI).
Fresh oocytes, on the other hand, can be fertilized by IVF, and in these cases, nature decides which sperm will fertilize the oocyte.
The transfer of embryos obtained from fresh or vitrified oocytes does not affect the implantation rate or the percentage of women who successfully have a child.
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