Estrogens: role in the female body and influence on reproductive health

The human body produces a large quantity of different hormones, each having a specific function. In women, estrogens are one of the main biologically active substances: they play a key role in maintaining women's health. First of all, in interaction with progesterone and testosterone, estrogen ensures the proper functioning of the reproductive system, is responsible for the formation of primary and secondary sexual characteristics in women, and also influences a number of other physiological processes. A hormonal imbalance can lead to health problems in women. However, early diagnosis not only allows for the elimination but also the prevention of these disorders. For this, it is recommended to consult the PMA clinic Natuvitro.

What is estrogen?

Estrogen is one of the main steroid hormones produced by the female body. Depending on age and physiological state, its synthesis occurs in different organs: primarily in the ovaries from the onset of puberty, in the placenta during pregnancy, and then after menopause, mainly in the adrenal glands. This hormone influences the functioning of the reproductive system, the physical appearance of women, as well as metabolic and emotional processes.

Functions of estrogen in women

Estrogen acts on the entire body: it regulates the menstrual cycle, prepares the uterus for pregnancy, promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and has a general effect on the skin, bones, and blood vessels. A normal level of this hormone maintains bone density, reduces the risk of osteoporosis, regulates cholesterol levels, and promotes a harmonious distribution of body fat. Additionally, estrogen participates in regulating the psycho-emotional state of women.

Estrogen and its types

Estrogen exists in three main forms in the body: estradiol, estriol, and estrone. Estradiol dominates during the reproductive period, ensuring the regularity of the cycle and ovulation. During pregnancy, it is the level of estriol, synthesized by the placenta, that increases. After menopause, estrone comes to the forefront: it is produced in the adrenal glands and adipose tissue, partially compensating for the decrease in estradiol.

How does estrogen level affect health?

Fluctuations in this hormone level affect the menstrual cycle, fertility, the condition of the skin and hair, as well as mood. A deficiency in estrogens leads to hot flashes, sweating, dryness of mucous membranes, a decrease in libido, and other symptoms. An excess of this hormone can lead to irritability, cycle disorders, and pain. Hormonal level disturbances also affect the cardiovascular system and can cause lipid imbalance in the blood.

How to know your estrogen level?

The diagnosis is based on a blood test. It is best to have a blood sample taken between the 20th and 23rd day of the menstrual cycle. The doctor may prescribe this test in case of irregular periods, infertility, or symptoms of hormonal imbalance. Preparation involves avoiding alcohol and intense physical exertion a few days before the test, as well as having the blood drawn on an empty stomach.

Causes and symptoms of hormonal imbalance

Estrogen levels can increase in cases of obesity, liver or ovarian pathologies, as well as as a result of hormonal treatment. The decrease is related to age-related changes, removal of the ovaries, stress, autoimmune or genetic disorders. Symptoms include mood swings, hot flashes, insomnia, vaginal dryness, headaches, changes in the menstrual cycle, and a deterioration in overall condition.

Estrogen during menopause

With the onset of perimenopause, estrogen levels gradually decrease. The decline in estradiol leads to the appearance of hot flashes, a deterioration in skin condition, and a decrease in bone mass. During this period, it is important to monitor hormonal balance and, if necessary, undergo hormone replacement therapy under the supervision of a specialist.

Diet and maintaining estrogen levels

A balanced diet helps maintain normal hormonal levels. The diet should include legumes, whole grain products, flax and sesame seeds, fruits, vegetables, soy products, as well as green and black tea. These foods contain phytoestrogens, plant-derived substances whose action is similar to that of hormones produced by the body.

Estrogens during pregnancy and in IVF programs

During pregnancy, estrogen levels rise, ensuring the growth of the uterus, the development of the fetus, and the preparation of the body for childbirth. Estrogen participates in regulating placental blood flow and stimulating mammary glands. In assisted reproductive technology protocols, it is also important to control the level of this hormone.

In the context of a classic IVF, the woman undergoes ovarian stimulation to obtain several mature eggs. During this period, estrogen levels increase significantly and must be monitored to avoid any risk of hyperstimulation. In the case of IVF with egg donation, ovulation is stimulated in the donor and estrogens are prescribed to the recipient to prepare the endometrium. It is extremely important here that the hormonal profile is stable and corresponds to the age of the embryo at the time of transfer.

In the case of double donation, where both the egg and sperm come from a donor, the woman receives only hormonal treatment to prepare the endometrium for implantation. The precise calculation of doses and dates of estrogen administration allows synchronizing the development of the endometrium with the transfer phase.

Regardless of the protocol, the success of the treatment directly depends on personalized hormone therapy, constant monitoring of biological parameters, and rapid adjustment of doses under a doctor's supervision.

Diagnosis and treatment of hormonal disorders

If hormonal imbalance is suspected, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist. After collecting medical history and conducting an examination, the specialist may refer the patient to an endocrinologist, mammologist, cardiologist, or other doctors specialized in related fields. The Natuvitro clinic offers comprehensive diagnosis and treatment: from the initial examination and hormonal analysis to the personalized selection of treatment to restore women's health and improve quality of life.